tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11446519396597465542024-03-14T02:11:59.671-07:00Mauvais genre Ginette CHAMART vous dit tout sur genre des noms en français !Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.comBlogger54125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-48357078737097160912022-08-25T00:40:00.002-07:002022-08-25T00:40:51.425-07:00"Plage" et "Coquillage", pourquoi ont-ils un genre différent ?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GeMwqkA-zEM" width="320" youtube-src-id="GeMwqkA-zEM"></iframe></div><br /><p></p>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-926413758424524062022-08-25T00:39:00.003-07:002022-08-25T00:39:50.422-07:00"Glaçon" et "leçon", pourquoi ont-ils un genre différent ?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wfCEb_2-Trs" width="320" youtube-src-id="wfCEb_2-Trs"></iframe></div><br /><p></p>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-38482838734657513832016-05-14T18:51:00.001-07:002016-07-05T19:59:07.085-07:00Conversion grammaticale et genre des noms<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-IIxtMt5enrorzHduZ-lw2JIpN9KcmxgW_cd6hwSCznVMtq8S9fjFqD_RxZF3KIJ6G5cG1t3p7kTbMni9V2n76SR6ZDrgtoV4WlKn64dlVFAAvMYhKQ_JXvOeQDHbFz73V2_TZ46W12JY/s1600/Pr%25C3%25A9s%25C3%25A9ance+grammaticale.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-IIxtMt5enrorzHduZ-lw2JIpN9KcmxgW_cd6hwSCznVMtq8S9fjFqD_RxZF3KIJ6G5cG1t3p7kTbMni9V2n76SR6ZDrgtoV4WlKn64dlVFAAvMYhKQ_JXvOeQDHbFz73V2_TZ46W12JY/s400/Pr%25C3%25A9s%25C3%25A9ance+grammaticale.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-9167384622920375062015-10-03T07:46:00.000-07:002016-07-05T19:58:52.820-07:00le genre des genres musicaux<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #141823;">Le genre des genres musicaux</span></span></h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSOTwj3K50z_cEZUtBFQideQd0bmDuJGUmvlc0J4F1BvWj-zIKVzQpMIBe4AF9Ga6NfoaQxtqHRdVBzm7VlREIQKHYsDbmeSlHP5VMmelmJNg1b0U-DN2feqZkYU0GcIMfyIengflb7pCt/s1600/genres+musicaux.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSOTwj3K50z_cEZUtBFQideQd0bmDuJGUmvlc0J4F1BvWj-zIKVzQpMIBe4AF9Ga6NfoaQxtqHRdVBzm7VlREIQKHYsDbmeSlHP5VMmelmJNg1b0U-DN2feqZkYU0GcIMfyIengflb7pCt/s400/genres+musicaux.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-86435409437149336432015-09-22T20:22:00.004-07:002015-09-23T05:51:48.036-07:00La MOUSSON <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">C'est l'automne, alors parlons du genre des <b><span style="color: #990000;">SAISONS</span></b> ! </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1j_Ro4afnAOiBbTnRfnGcZp_WmwxZZ9aUkU0j_j7Hgh2U1DrmUpt_mQOMvXut4L9cknoqGbbuYj1wwNUy1r63PF7tsA_8ecPAZ-94rWwUuk5DKYy-E_Y2eT_BoVcx-hSyzKuAt7eqcCVT/s1600/automne.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1j_Ro4afnAOiBbTnRfnGcZp_WmwxZZ9aUkU0j_j7Hgh2U1DrmUpt_mQOMvXut4L9cknoqGbbuYj1wwNUy1r63PF7tsA_8ecPAZ-94rWwUuk5DKYy-E_Y2eT_BoVcx-hSyzKuAt7eqcCVT/s320/automne.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"> Si <span style="color: #990000;"><b>SAISON</b></span> est <span style="color: #990000;">féminin</span>, le <b><span style="color: #0b5394;">NOM</span></b> des SAISONS est lui toujours <span style="color: #0b5394;">masculin</span> (<b>un <span style="color: #0b5394;">
été</span>, un <span style="color: #0b5394;">hiver</span>, un <span style="color: #0b5394;">printemps</span>, un <span style="color: #0b5394;">automne</span></b>), à l'exception toutefois de la<span style="color: #990000;"><b> MOUSSON</b></span>
qui nous vient (via le néerlandais) du portugais "<span style="color: #990000;"><b>monção</b></span>" f.; -<span style="color: #990000;"><b>ão </b></span>étant
l'équivalent portugais du suffixe -<span style="color: #990000;"><b>ion</b></span> féminin français. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Ce qui fait de <a href="http://cnrtl.fr/etymologie/mousson"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>MOUSSON</b></span></a> la cousine de <a href="http://cnrtl.fr/etymologie/saison"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>SAISON</b></span></a> ! </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">En effet, <span style="color: #990000;"><b>SAISON </b></span>vient du latin </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">"satiōnem", accusatif de "satiō" voulant dire "action de semer" ( -<span style="color: #990000;"><b>aison</b></span> est une ancienne forme du suffixe -<b><span style="color: #990000;">ion</span></b> que l'on retrouve dans <span style="color: #990000;">maison</span>, <span style="color: #990000;">raison</span>, <span style="color: #990000;">terminaison</span>...) </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">(source <a href="http://cnrtl.fr/etymologie/saison">CNRTL</a>).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Le monde des genres n'est-il pas bien fait ?</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><br /></span>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-8858500190037076662015-09-20T04:10:00.002-07:002016-05-14T19:44:03.098-07:00FAÇON vs. GLAÇON<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #141823;">"</span><b><span style="color: #990000;">la
façon</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">" et "</span><b><span style="color: #073763;">le glaçon</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">" possèdent la même terminaison -<b>çon</b> mais ne sont pas du même GENRE. Quelle en est donc la raison ?</span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAvWFEEsTWg-Q4O9weGRCPfkc9P4tI2CS-EeSpVcCQjRqJ5iIWOg9le9bmr64rcgEYJeET0zRvoV6y8WiAo_ay_aGFXA-5drDaiTefZ1RXoHsALmemhDz807wdSHWzizVTEVIymIGo6FiY/s1600/fa%25C3%25A7on+gla%25C3%25A7on.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAvWFEEsTWg-Q4O9weGRCPfkc9P4tI2CS-EeSpVcCQjRqJ5iIWOg9le9bmr64rcgEYJeET0zRvoV6y8WiAo_ay_aGFXA-5drDaiTefZ1RXoHsALmemhDz807wdSHWzizVTEVIymIGo6FiY/s320/fa%25C3%25A7on+gla%25C3%25A7on.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0.06in; orphans: 1;">
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<span style="color: #141823; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Malgré
leur similitude, ces deux noms ne font pas partie de la même famille
de dérivés.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #141823;">Alors
que "</span><b><span style="color: #990000;">façon</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">" appartient à la famille des noms ABSTRAITS
dérivés du suffixe FEMININ -</span><b><span style="color: #990000;">ion</span></b><span style="color: #141823;"> (base verbale : faire) au côté de "</span><b><span style="color: #990000;">chanson</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">(chanter), </span><b><span style="color: #990000;">livraison</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">(livrer) ou </span><b><span style="color: #990000;">invention</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">(inventer)",
"</span><b><span style="color: #073763;">glaçon</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">" appartient, lui, à la famille des noms CONCRETS
dérivés du suffixe MASCULIN -</span><b><span style="color: #073763;">on </span></b><span style="color: #141823;">(base nominale : glace) au côté de "</span><b><span style="color: #073763;">ballon</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">(balle), </span><b><span style="color: #073763;">blouson</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">(blouse) ou </span><b><span style="color: #073763;">caisson</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">(caisse)".</span></span></span></div>
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Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-55670601691335281362015-09-20T03:35:00.000-07:002016-07-05T19:54:56.514-07:00GENRE du NOM des LANGUES<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;">
<span style="color: #141823;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #ffffff;">Pourquoi
le NOM des LANGUES comme "<b>le français, le russe, le chinois,
le provençal, le corse</b>..." est-il toujours MASCULIN alors
que l'on dit "<b>la langue française, la langue russe, la
langue bretonne..."</b> ?</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="color: #141823;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #ffffff;">La
raison est toute simple !</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #141823;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: #ffffff;">Si
le nom des langues en français est toujours masculin, c'est parce
qu'il était ADJECTIF</span></span></span><span style="color: #141823;"><span style="background: #ffffff;"> </span></span><span style="color: #141823;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: #ffffff;">avant
d'être NOM</span></span></span><span style="color: #141823;"><span style="background: #ffffff;"> </span></span><span style="color: #141823;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: #ffffff;">(conversion
grammaticale).</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #141823;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">En
effet, en français, le genre masculin est systématiquement attribué
à tous les mots (infinitifs, adjectifs, adverbes...non déclinés)
qui ont été <b>substantivés</b> comme par exemple "un sourire"
(verbe), un "ensemble" (adverbe), "un liquide"
(adjectif), "un face-à-face" (locution)… </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #141823;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="background: #ffffff;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-14259116082821030492015-09-20T02:28:00.001-07:002015-09-20T03:02:08.000-07:00Quel genre de bonheur ?<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: DejaVu Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Le
suffixe féminin -<b><span style="color: #990000;">eur</span></b> forme des noms ABSTRAITS à partir d'ADJECTIFS: </span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: DejaVu Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: DejaVu Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">la grand<span style="color: #cc0000;">eur</span> (grande), la blanch<span style="color: #cc0000;">eur</span> (blanche), la lent<span style="color: #cc0000;">eur</span> (lente), la
fraîch<span style="color: #cc0000;">eur</span> (fraîche), la pâl<span style="color: #cc0000;">eur</span> (pâle), la douc<span style="color: #cc0000;">eur</span> (douce), la roug<span style="color: #cc0000;">eur </span>(rouge)... </span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: DejaVu Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: DejaVu Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Et le <span style="color: #0b5394;">bonheur</span> alors, pourquoi est-il masculin ? Il est abstrait et comprend un adjectif (bon) pourtant.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: DejaVu Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: DejaVu Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">bon<span style="color: #0b5394;"><b>heur</b></span> et mal<b><span style="color: #0b5394;">heur</span></b> ne sont pas des dérivés du suffixe -<b><span style="color: #990000;">eur</span></b> mais des noms
composés à partir de <b>BON/MAL</b> et du nom masculin <b>HEUR </b>qui signifie
<b>destin/chance</b>. L'adjectif <b>HEUREUX</b> en est un des dérivés. Il est
aussi utilisé dans l'expression "<b>avoir l'heur de</b>" qui
signifie "avoir la chance de" ou "avoir l'air de". </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: DejaVu Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"<i>Sa
dernière initiative n'a pas eu l'heur de plaire à son chef</i>."</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: DejaVu Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigXBxRyly1vQ-9_UGNYTmOh4L8wQ86uGvveunlkPbgLyuTGigeTjGhxKAKm6AXUxFQuMAOabF5DO0xup8qEtfFdFheP5S9ngcqrWCI3KTANNd2HC8nA9XPm7GPWr7G8UUa_sQNCErko0n0/s1600/quote-le-malheur-des-uns-fait-le-bonheur-des-autres-voltaire-110315.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigXBxRyly1vQ-9_UGNYTmOh4L8wQ86uGvveunlkPbgLyuTGigeTjGhxKAKm6AXUxFQuMAOabF5DO0xup8qEtfFdFheP5S9ngcqrWCI3KTANNd2HC8nA9XPm7GPWr7G8UUa_sQNCErko0n0/s320/quote-le-malheur-des-uns-fait-le-bonheur-des-autres-voltaire-110315.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: DejaVu Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">CNRTL http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/bonheur</span></span><br />
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Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-50308740023936501862013-05-15T05:47:00.003-07:002013-05-15T05:47:49.472-07:00<a href="http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/326/"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">La Barbe: Feminine Beards and Other Mysteries of French Grammatical Gender</span></a><br />
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<a href="http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/do/search/?q=author_lname%3A%22Keller%22%20author_fname%3A%22Robin%22&start=0&context=138937" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; max-width: 380px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; max-width: 380px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Robin F. Keller</strong><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; display: inline-block; line-height: 18px; max-width: 380px;">, </span></span><em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; max-width: 380px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">University of Rhode Island</em></a><br />
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Abstract</h4>
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Grammatical gender in French language is one of the biggest guessing games for a native English speaker. Why a table is feminine and a book is masculine is a question that plagues those learning French as a second language. In French, all nouns have gender, masculine and feminine. The complication: only a small percentage of the nouns are assigned gender semantically leaving the remaining which are assigned gender seemingly arbitrarily. For English native speakers, the distinction of these basic parts in a foreign language is not a natural skill. The simple fact that nouns are either feminine or masculine is troubling to students of the French language.</div>
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<a href="http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/326/">More</a></div>
Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-586690980900164902013-05-08T20:45:00.000-07:002013-05-08T20:48:50.446-07:00Another Example of Word Ending Centered Approach to Gender<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Another Example of Word Ending Centered Approach to Gender : </span><a href="http://www.languageguide.org/french/grammar/gender/rule.html"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Language Guide</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">(français)</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Here what it says :-----------------------------------------------------------------------</b></span><br />
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Expect all nouns to be masculine unless they end in mute e.</div>
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Except for the following endings which are masculine to a large degree (despite ending in mute e )</div>
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-<b>ge</b>, -<b>le</b> (except -<b>lle</b>, -<b>ole</b>, -<b>ale</b> or -<b>ule</b>), -<b>me</b>, -<b>re</b> (except -ure) and -<b>phe</b></div>
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and the following, which are feminine to a large degree (despite not ending in mute e )</div>
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-<b>on</b>, -<b>é</b> and -<b>eur</b> </div>
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I call this the non sacred rule because it has so many exceptions. While you can't rely on this rule to determine noun gender on the fly, it can serve as a good starting point for approaching and learning the gender of nouns. In the following pages, french nouns are organized by the rule along with exceptions. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Here what it should say : -----------------------------------------------------------------</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;">Expect all nouns to be masculine unless they end in (mute) e.</span><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Except for the following SUFFIXES which are masculine (despite ending in mute e )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-<b>age</b>, -<b>ège</b>, -<b>isme</b>, -<b>asme</b>, -<b>oire</b>, -<b>aire, </b> -<b>acle</b>, -<b>ile</b>, -<b>ème</b>, -<b>ome</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">and the following, which are feminine (despite not ending in mute e )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-<b>ion (</b>and derived forms<b> -aison, -son </b>or <b>-çon))</b>, -<b>ité (</b>and derived forms<b> -té </b>or<b> -tié)</b> and -<b>eur.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The so-called EXCEPTIONS are simply words that don't derived from those suffixes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The word MASSAGE was formed with the verb MASSER to which the masculine suffixe -age (action or result of a verb) was added - Logically, MASSAGE is masculine - This is not the case for the word PAGE which has nothing to do with suffixe -age and therefore is feminine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Suffixes</b>, unlike endings, have <b>meaning</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">MORE on the topic on this page <a href="http://genderfrenchnouns.yolasite.com/suffixation-irregular-feminine.php">MAUVAIS GENRE</a></span></div>
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<br />Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-65678631923021766732013-04-24T04:13:00.000-07:002013-04-24T04:13:32.634-07:00Italian VS French genders<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;">FROM ielanguages.com </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, Lucida Sans Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ielanguages.com/FRENCHITALIAN1.HTML#NOUNS">Free Language Tutorials</a></span></div>
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<span class="d" style="font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase;">NOUNS: GENDER & NUMBER</span></div>
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There are two genders of nouns in both languages, masculine and feminine, and two numbers, singular and plural. Adjectives agree in gender and number with nouns, so you must learn the gender with each noun in order to form grammatically correct phrases. Usually the last letter of the noun will tell you which gender it is.</div>
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<strong>Gender</strong><br />In French, masculine singular nouns generally end with a consonant, - age or -ment. Feminine singular nouns generally end with -ure, -sion, -tion, -ence, -ance, -té, and -ette.<br /><br />In Italian, masculine singular nouns generally end with -o or -ore. Feminine singular nouns generally end with -a or -zione. Nouns ending with -e and -ista can be either gender, so you must learn those individually. A few masculine nouns end with -a: il problema, il tema, il teorema, il poeta, il cinema, il programma; and a few feminine nouns end with -o: la mano, la radio, la foto, la moto.</div>
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In most cases, the gender of a noun is the same in French and Italian. But there are some cases in which the genders are reversed. (For example, names of cities and letters of the alphabet are masculine in French, but feminine in Italian.)</div>
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<strong>Masculine in French / Feminine in Italian</strong></div>
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<strong>Feminine in French / Masculine in Italian</strong></div>
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<tr><td width="13%"><em>English</em></td><td width="16%"><em>French</em></td><td width="21%"><em>Italian</em></td><td width="14%"><em>English</em></td><td width="14%"><em>French</em></td><td width="22%"><em>Italian</em></td></tr>
<tr><td>air</td><td><strong>l'air</strong></td><td><strong>l'aria</strong></td><td>affair, case</td><td><strong>l'affaire</strong></td><td><strong>l'affare</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>art</td><td><strong>l'art</strong></td><td><strong>l'arte</strong></td><td>tooth</td><td><strong>la dent</strong></td><td><strong>il dente</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>calm</td><td><strong>le calme</strong></td><td><strong>la calma</strong></td><td>oil</td><td><strong>l'huile</strong></td><td><strong>l'olio</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>number/digit</td><td><strong>le chiffre</strong></td><td><strong>la cifra</strong></td><td>limit</td><td><strong>la limite</strong></td><td><strong>il limite</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>couple</td><td><strong>le couple</strong></td><td><strong>la coppia</strong></td><td>sea</td><td><strong>la mer</strong></td><td><strong>il mare</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>Sunday</td><td><strong>le dimanche</strong></td><td><strong>la domenica</strong></td><td>method</td><td><strong>la méthode</strong></td><td><strong>il metodo</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>summer</td><td><strong>l'été</strong></td><td><strong>l'estate</strong></td><td>minute</td><td><strong>la minute</strong></td><td><strong>il minuto</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>forehead</td><td><strong>le front</strong></td><td><strong>la fronte</strong></td><td>panic</td><td><strong>la panique</strong></td><td><strong>il panico</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>guide</td><td><strong>le guide</strong></td><td><strong>la guida</strong></td><td>period</td><td><strong>la période</strong></td><td><strong>il periodo</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>spring</td><td><strong>le printemps</strong></td><td><strong>la primavera</strong></td><td>planet</td><td><strong>la planète</strong></td><td><strong>il pianeta</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>sand</td><td><strong>le sable</strong></td><td><strong>la sabbia</strong></td><td>second</td><td><strong>la seconde</strong></td><td><strong>il secondo</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>evening</td><td><strong>le soir</strong></td><td><strong>la sera</strong></td><td>attempt</td><td><strong>la tentative</strong></td><td><strong>il tentativo</strong></td></tr>
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Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-60618341888841150912012-03-11T01:12:00.001-08:002012-03-11T01:12:41.511-08:00French Gender (Confusing!) PARADOX<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #271915;"> Final -</span><span style="color: red;"><b>e</b></span><span style="color: #271915;"> is known to be French female </span></span><span style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">marker </span><span style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">for nouns referring to </span></div>
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<li style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">human beings : <b>ami</b> </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">m.</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia;">boyfriend</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> > <b>ami</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>e</b></span> <i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">f. girlfriend </i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, </span></li>
<li style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">animals: <b>lion</b></span> <i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">m</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. ><b> lionn</b></span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">e</span></b> <i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">f.</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and for adjective agreement : </span><br />
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<li><span style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>un grand sac</b> </span><i style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">m</i><span style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. </span><i style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">a big bag </span></i><span style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">> </span><b style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">un</b><b style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">e</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> grand</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #271915;"> avenu</span><span style="color: red;">e</span></b><span style="color: #271915;"> </span></span><i style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">f. a big avenue</i><span style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. </span></li>
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<div style="background-color: white; color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Nevertheless, when it comes to nouns other than the ones referring to human beings, this is not that simple. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Thought it is perfectly fair to say: </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"</span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #271915;">feminine nouns end with an -</span><span style="color: red;">e</span><span style="color: #271915;"> in French</span></b><span style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">", as more than 7 feminine nouns out of 10 do so, </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the other way around cannot be stated: </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"</span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #271915;">final -</span><span style="color: red;">e</span><span style="color: #271915;"> is NOT the marker of feminine gender in French</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #271915;">", as we find as many masculine nouns bearing a final -</span><b><span style="color: red;">e</span></b><span style="color: #271915;"> than feminine nouns. </span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="background-color: white;">This paradox gets everyone confused... </b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">There is a clear</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> </span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">gender to form </b><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">relationship : </b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #271915;">feminine gender means greater chance to find a final -</span><b><span style="color: red;">e</span></b><span style="color: #271915;"> than any other endings.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">Where as the opposite (</span><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">form to gender relationship</b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;">) is not exactly true : </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #271915;">nouns ending with an -</span><b><span style="color: red;">e</span></b><span style="color: #271915;"> are not clearly more likely to be feminine.</span></span></div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">From <a href="http://genderfrenchnouns.yolasite.com/regular-nouns.php">Mauvais Genre : Gender of French Nouns</a></span></b>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-10511837839047482832011-11-09T21:22:00.000-08:002011-11-09T21:22:37.562-08:00Le genre des noms inanimés (en arabe)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/iR5I7T5dB5g?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-42820976246261229242011-10-16T20:58:00.000-07:002011-10-16T20:58:59.351-07:00Gender of French Nouns by ending QUIZ<div id="game">
<h2>
Can you name the Gender of French Nouns by ending?</h2>
<div id="byline">
Created by <a href="http://www.sporcle.com/user/Gameater14">Gameater14</a></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.sporcle.com/games/Gameater14/gender-of-french-nouns-by-ending">READY? CLICK TO START </a></span></b></div>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-29781861244190132422011-03-21T03:52:00.000-07:002011-03-21T03:55:59.133-07:00Adult L2 Acquisition of French Grammatical Gender<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Investigating sensitivity to phonological and morphological gender cues</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;">Carol Sisson </div><div style="text-align: center;"> Honours Thesis </div><div style="text-align: center;"> May 2006 </div><div style="text-align: center;"> McGill University </div><div style="text-align: center;"> Supervisor: Professor Lydia White</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~csisso/docs/honoursThesis.pdf">PDF</a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-85451777308687275322011-01-03T17:49:00.000-08:002011-01-03T17:55:38.520-08:00Gender App up-date<h1><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.androidzoom.com/android_applications/education/gender-confusion_lgjd.html">Gender Confusion</a></span></h1>Free Application for Android Phone World's Number One Tweet Client.<br /><h3>Description on the Android Market</h3> Gender Confusion helps you learn the genders of French nouns by quizzing you and showing why your answers are right or wrong.<br /><br />While some words don't follow any rule, there are many guidelines to help you remember if a French word is masculine or feminine. Gender Confusion has a database of words and many of these rules, and randomly generates a quiz to drill you in the use of the rules.<br /><br /><br /><input id="gwProxy" type="hidden"><!--Session data--><input onclick="if(typeof(jsCall)=='function'){jsCall();}else{setTimeout('jsCall()',500);}" id="jsProxy" type="hidden"><div id="refHTML"></div>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-55308495058445801082010-12-20T05:38:00.000-08:002010-12-20T06:18:12.963-08:00All about French Nouns: Focus on GenderBy <span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>Mary Naber Burns </b></span><div><br /></div><div>Universal Publishers, 1998</div><div>ISBN: 1-58112-871-1<br /><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><i>Of the forty-three thousand words in a comprehensive French dictionary, almost thirty-three are nouns. Determining the gender of these nouns is one of the great stumbling blocks on the road to learning French. Although it is true that gender becomes a factor in dealing with articles, adjectives, past participles and pronouns, these four parts of speech modify or refer to nouns, whether expressed or implied; noun gender is always the initiating factor. Noun gender is the problem.</i></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >In here, Mary Naber Burns regroups nouns under two gender rules: masculine and feminine listes. Great work but too much focus on ending patterns as usual... </span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><a href="http://www.2dix.com/view/view.php?urllink=http://www.bookpump.com/upb/pdf-b/1128711b.pdf&searchx=%20%20french%20nouns">Read the article</a></span></div>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-53273351728495994852010-11-06T05:40:00.000-07:002010-11-06T07:08:25.790-07:00New technology but...<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span style="color: black; "><span style="color: blue; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><a href="http://appmodo.com/21013/reflexarium-french-noun-gender-2-11-is-a-unique-speaking-iphone-app/">REFLEXARIUM</a></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://appmodo.com/21013/reflexarium-french-noun-gender-2-11-is-a-unique-speaking-iphone-app/"> </a></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(8, 8, 8); "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://appmodo.com/21013/reflexarium-french-noun-gender-2-11-is-a-unique-speaking-iphone-app/"> </a></span></span></span><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://appmodo.com/21013/reflexarium-french-noun-gender-2-11-is-a-unique-speaking-iphone-app/">'French Gender'</a> is an iPhone, iPod Touch or iPad application presented as a "personal French tutor" to help learners to memorize the gender of 1300 French nouns. <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>The idea, concept and realization of this app are good but the content is still THE SAME GOOD OLD CRAP about gender. The all issue is again reduced to a mere list of endings! <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>In this app, words are arranged by endings, the usual (wrong) way to present the problem. One of the examples in <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haCj23vKVHs">the Youtube demo</a> is the group of nouns with ending –a. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>The app tells you that “<i>normally, the gender for nouns ending with –A would be male</i>” which is absolutely correct, though it does not tell you why. In the quiz to help you memorize the gender of these -A ending words, you will be ask to guess their gender at random. Every time you run into a feminine noun, you will be told that “<i>this noun is an exception and is female</i>.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; line-height: 18px; ">You are supposed to repeat the quizz again and again until you remember the gender of all the nouns from the list without knowing why and how. Why some -A ending nouns are male and some other female? You will never find out. Is it going to help you find the gender of nouns outside the pre-installed list? The answer is no. Just learn stupidement like a parrot !!!!</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; "><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Here are some of the words from the app: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 115%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; "><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><b>EXTRA, </b></span></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">COBRA</span></span></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><b>, SAMBA, CAMELIA, </b></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><b>GHEISHA</b></span></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">, CHOLERA</span></span></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><b>, PIZZA, DELTA, CAMERA, CORRIDA, SCHEMA, SALSA, AGENDA, </b></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><b>GHEISHA</b></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><b>, ARMADA, OPERA, VERANDA, CODA, MAGMA, BOA, </b></span></span></span><b><span style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">COBRA</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;">GHEISHA (the correct spelling is actually GEISHA) and COBRA are repeated twice. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;">CODA ? I did not know the meaning of that word before I looked into the dictionary. How usefull! Anyway, here is not the issue.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;">In this application, what are the options?</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;">Choice : masculine VS feminine</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;">Answers : correct VS wrong</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;">Explanations: follows the rule VS exceptions to the rule</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;">This is where all the ENDING PATTERN METHODS fail. They don't provide any reasonable explanation. They are very poor in term of content and feedback given to learners. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;">Now, see how a CATEGORY BASED METHOD would deal with the same list of words.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; line-height: 18px; ">Judge for yourself</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; ">If we arrange those exact same words into categories following the cause of the gender attribution, we will understand why some are male when some are female. This will help us find the gender of words outside that list.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Category 1.</b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Unmarked nouns are male (nouns not marked with a final –e), thus nouns ending in –<b>A</b> are male: un <b><span class="Apple-style-span" >EXTRA</span><span style="color:black">, </span></b>le <b><span class="Apple-style-span" >CHOLERA</span></b>, un <b><span class="Apple-style-span" >SCHEMA</span></b>, un <b><span class="Apple-style-span" >DELTA</span></b>, un <b style="color: black; ">AGENDA</b>, du <b style="color: black; ">MAGMA</b>, un <b style="color: black; ">BOA, un </b><b>COBRA. We can call them regular. </b>Here are included nouns zith suff</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; ">ix –<b>IA</b> used to name flower plants such as un<b> CAMELIA</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; "><b></b></span><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Category 2.</b></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><span style="color: black; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b></b><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Loanwords from other romance languages (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese or even Latin) which are still bearing their original feminine marker –A, remain female in French: une </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><b>SAMBA</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, une </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><b>PIZZA</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, une </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><b>CAMERA</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">(Latin), une </span></span><b style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >CORRIDA</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, une </span></span><b style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >SALSA</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, une </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><b>ARMADA</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, une </span></span><b style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >VERANDA</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, une </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><b>CODA</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> (One exception though, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; line-height: normal; font-size: medium; "><b>OPERA</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, female in Italian, but male in French) Most of these nouns have strong Mediterranean and South-American cultural/political/social connotations.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><b>Category 3.</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""><b> </b> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; ">Natural gender bearing nouns: <b><span class="Apple-style-span" >GEISHA </span></b> is feminine (une geisha) due to its meaning not to its ending. Referring to a woman, the noun <b><span class="Apple-style-span" >GEISHA</span></b> is naturally feminine. For the same reason, <span class="Apple-style-span" ><b>YAKUSA</b></span> is male.</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; ">Knowing these 3 categories <b>1) regular</b> (including botanical suff. -ia) <b>2) romance loanwords</b> 3) natural gender, it is possible to guess the gender of other nouns ending in -a:</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Time for p</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; ">ractice...</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">yoga - acacia - Canada - diva - coma - corrida - cinéma - mafia - gardénia - maharaja - salsa - tata - panda - papa - villa - dahlia - fiesta - magnolia - </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">eczéma - </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">cafétéria - </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">pacha </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">- chipolata - guérilla - lama - </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">nana - Panama - favela - karma - pizzéria - pétuni</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: large; ">a - pasta - zona</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Choose a category for each noun and give the corresponding gender:</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1. <a href="http://genderfrenchnouns.yolasite.com/regular-nouns.php">Regular masculine nouns</a> :....................................................</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> Including suffix -ia (name of plants) :..............................................</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2. <a href="http://genderfrenchnouns.yolasite.com/humans.php">Natural gender</a>:</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Men:............................................</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Women:........................................</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">3. <a href="http://genderfrenchnouns.yolasite.com/exceptions-feminine.php">Romance loanwords:.</a>....................................................................</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The answer will be given in the next post.</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://genderfrenchnouns.yolasite.com/">MAUVAIS GENRE the website</a></span></span></p>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-90728691671782757282010-10-30T22:16:00.000-07:002010-10-30T23:00:47.364-07:00French NUAGE m. vs Spanish NUBE f.<div>The Open Applied Linguistics Journal, 2008, Volume 1 / p. 69</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >In the journal article</span> <b><a href="http://genredesnoms.blogspot.com/2010/10/grammatical-gender-affects-bilinguals.html">Grammatical Gender Affects Bilinguals’ Conceptual Gender: Implications for Linguistic Relativity and Decision Making</a> , </b><span class="Apple-style-span" >it is said</span>:</div><div><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>Some nouns that are grammatically masculine and feminine in <b>French</b> are the opposite grammatical genders in <b>Spanish</b>. Hence, a cloud is masculine in French <b>un nuage</b>, but feminine in Spanish: <b>una </b></i><i><b>nube</b>. </i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>I wanted to insert a comment on the origin of two words French NUAGE and Spanish NUBE. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>French NUE f. (<i>cloud</i>) which was replaced later by its derivative (NUE + suff. -age m.) and Spanish NUBE f. both come from Latin <i>nuba</i> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" > </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" >f<i>.,</i></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; "> and are both feminine. French changed NUE f. into a masculine noun by the addition of a masculine suffix. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; "><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>French NUE f. gave another feminine derivative meaning <i>large cloud</i> with feminine suffix -ée: NUEE f. </span></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; "><a href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/nue">CNRTL</a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; "> </span></i></div><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; "><br /></span></i></div><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; "><a href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/nue">NUE</a> f. D'un lat. pop. <i style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">*nuba</i>, altération du lat. class. <i style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">nubes</i> «nuage; essaim; multitude; obscurité, voile (fig.)»</span></i></div><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; "><a href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/nuage">NUAGE</a> m. </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; "> Dér. de <i style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">nue</i>* auquel il s'est substitué; suff. <span style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><i>-age (</i>suff</span>. masculin)</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; "><a href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/nu%C3%A9e">NUEE f.</a> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; ">Dér. de <i style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">nue*</i>; suff. <i style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">-ée,</i> v. <i style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">-é.</i></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; "><i style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br /></i></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; "><i style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-size: 16px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><a href="http://www.prima-elementa.fr/Dico-n06.html">Prima-elementa</a>: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" >nubes, nubis, f.</span></i></span></span></i></span></div><div><i><br /></i></div>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-51556078027466756152010-10-30T21:37:00.000-07:002010-10-30T21:47:05.110-07:00Grammatical Gender Affects Bilinguals’ Conceptual Gender<div><b>The Open Applied Linguistics Journal, 2008, 1, 68-76</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" >Grammatical Gender Affects Bilinguals’ Conceptual Gender: Implications for Linguistic Relativity and Decision Making</span></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><div><i>James N. Forbes, Diane Poulin-Dubois, Magda R. Rivero and Maria D. Sera</i></div></b></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >Abstract</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >: </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >We used a non-linguistic gender attribution task to determine how <b>French</b> and <b>Spanish</b> grammatical gender affects bilinguals’ conceptual gender. <b>French-English</b> and <b>Spanish-English</b> bilingual, as well as <b>English</b> monolingual adults were asked to assign a male or female voice to 32 color drawings depicting people, animals, and common objects. <b>French-</b><b>English</b> and <b>Spanish-English </b>bilinguals classified items according to <b>French</b> and <b>Spanish</b> grammatical gender respectively. This effect was replicated for <b>French-English</b> bilinguals on those items whose grammatical gender was opposite in <b>French</b> and <b>Spanish</b>. Unexpectedly, <b>Spanish</b> gender similarly affected classifications by <b>Spanish-English</b> and <b>English-</b><b>Spanish </b>bilinguals, as well as <b>English</b> monolinguals. We discuss how grammatical gender, possible covariates, and the order of L1 and L2 acquisition, affect conceptual gender as well as implications for decision making.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; "> <a href="http://www.bentham.org/open/toalj/articles/V001/68TOALJ.pdf">READ MORE</a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div></div>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-39017238118552246612010-10-30T02:33:00.000-07:002010-10-30T02:37:06.704-07:00Shedding the light on French grammatical gender...or not<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 25px; "><div id="abstract" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; "><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: none; color: rgb(75, 73, 66); "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 17px; "></span></b></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.1em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0px; clear: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><strong style="font-weight: bold !important; ">Author: </strong>Ayoun, Dalila</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.1em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0px; clear: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><strong style="font-weight: bold !important; ">Source:</strong> <a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jbp/eusy;jsessionid=1oi7f67bp8bug.alexandra" title="EUROSLA Yearbook" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(196, 114, 46); ">EUROSLA Yearbook</a>, Volume 10, Number 1, 2010 , pp. 119-141(23)</b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.1em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0px; clear: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><b><strong style="font-weight: bold !important; ">Publisher: </strong><a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jbp;jsessionid=1oi7f67bp8bug.alexandra" title="publisher" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(196, 114, 46); ">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a></b></span></p><p></p><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: none; color: rgb(75, 73, 66); "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; clear: none; color: rgb(75, 73, 66); "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Abstract:</b></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >The present corpus study analyzes 5,016 contextualized DPs drawn from 34 current newspaper and magazine articles to test the so-far unsubstantiated claim that the input provides abundant and clear evidence of the grammatical gender of French nouns. Findings show that 49.76% of noun tokens are not gender-marked; 9.01% of nouns lack a gender-marked determiner, but are modified by a gender-marked adjective; while 41.22% of nouns have a gender-marked determiner. Detailed qualitative and quantitative analyses provide a descriptive and explanatory account of gender-marked contexts and second language learnability implications are discussed. </span><b>The lack of readily available word-external clues explains why the acquisition of French grammatical gender is notoriously difficult</b> <span class="Apple-style-span" >(e.g., Ayoun 2007).</span></span></span></div></div><div id="links" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(75, 73, 66); "></div><div id="info" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; color: rgb(75, 73, 66); "><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.1em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.1em; padding-left: 0px; clear: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jbp/eusy/2010/00000010/00000001/art00008">Document Type:</a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jbp/eusy/2010/00000010/00000001/art00008"> Research article</a></span></span></p></div></span>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-21144255528240808062010-10-29T01:24:00.000-07:002010-10-29T01:29:23.925-07:00Genre, nombre et prépositions des départements<span class="Apple-style-span" >Excellente page sur le genre des noms de départements français</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" >Sur le site <a href="http://monsu.desiderio.free.fr/curiosites.html">LE CABINET DES CURIOSITES</a></span><br /><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium; "><span style="font-family: garamond; ">"Les départements prennent le genre du cours d'eau (la Loire), du massif (le Jura), du mont (le Cantal), du point géographique (le Finistère, le Nord), du littoral (la Manche) qui leur donne leur nom.<br /><br />Certains noms sont composés de deux hydronymes : le Loir-et-Cher (deux noms masculins), l'Ille-et-Vilaine (deux noms féminins), la Meurthe-et-Moselle (<span style="font-style: italic; ">idem</span>), l'Indre-et-Loire (<span style="font-style: italic; ">idem</span>), la Saône-et-Loire (<span style="font-style: italic; ">idem</span>), le Tarn-et-Garonne (masculin et féminin), le Lot-et-Garonne (<span style="font-style: italic; ">idem</span>). Le masculin est placé en premier, il donne le genre et le nom reste au singulier.<br /><br />Un cas particulier : le Maine-et-Loire est constitué de la rivière la Maine et du fleuve la Loire. Par analogie avec l'ancienne province du Maine (Sarthe et Mayenne), le premier nom est devenu masculin. Un autre cas particulier : l'Eure-et-Loir (féminin et masculin) devient masculin par attraction des autres départements construits de manière similaire et parce que le nom commence par une voyelle qui masque le genre.<br /><br />Certains noms sont déterminés par une catégorie géographique :<br />– les Bouches-du-Rhône ;<br />– la Côte-d'Or ;<br />– les Côtes-d'Armor (anciennement Côtes-du-Nord) ;<br />– les Hauts-de-Seine ;<br />– le Pas-de-Calais ;<br />– le Puy-de-Dôme ;<br />– le Territoire-de-Belfort ;<br />– le Val-de-Marne.<br />C'est le nom déterminant qui donne le genre et le nombre.<br /><br />D'autres noms sont déterminés par un adjectif :<br />– Hautes-Alpes ;<br />– Haute-Corse ;<br />– Haute-Garonne ;<br />– Haute-Loire ;<br />– Hautes-Pyrénées ;<br />– Pyrénées-Orientales ;<br />– Bas-Rhin ;<br />– Haut-Rhin ;<br />– Haute-Saône ;<br />– Haute-Savoie ;<br />– Haute-Seine ; <br />– Haute-Vienne.<br /><br />Un nom possède un genre hésitant : la Vaucluse était à l'origine la vallée fermée ou </span><span style="font-family: garamond; "><span style="font-style: italic; ">Valleclusa</span> (1050), on trouve </span><span style="font-family: garamond; ">une première mention de 1034, sous la forme <span style="font-style: italic; ">castellum Vallem Clusam</span>. Le changement de genre en le Vaucluse a des conséquences sur l'emploi de la préposition.<br /><br />Un nom est devenu féminin alors que son éponyme est masculin : la Lozère tire son nom du mont Lozère.<br /><br />Sont masculins les noms qui ne finissent pas par un e caduc : le Morbihan (la mer intérieure), le Calvados, Tarn, Rhône, Gard, Gers, Cantal, Allier, Cher, Doubs, Hérault, Jura, Loiret, Loir, Lot, Ain, Aveyron. " </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium; "><span style="font-family: garamond; "><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Tahoma; font-size: medium; "><span style="font-family: garamond; "><a href="http://monsu.desiderio.free.fr/curiosites/departements.html">LIRE LA SUITE </a><br /><br /></span></span></div></div>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-80994715874719696082010-10-28T08:43:00.000-07:002010-10-28T08:48:47.598-07:00How to Tell the Grammatical Gender of Latin Words<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; ">Article by </span><a id="artAuthor" href="http://www.brighthub.com/members/johng.aspx" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica; font-size: small; ">John Garger</a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; "> </span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; ">Edited & published by </span><a id="artEditor" href="http://www.brighthub.com/members/rebeccascudder.aspx" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica; font-size: small; ">Rebecca Scudder</a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; "> on Sep 25, 2010</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: medium; ">Latin nouns, pronouns, and adjectives all have a gender. Knowing the gender of a Latin word is key to properly understanding Latin grammar. Learn why Latin words have gender and how to recognize whether Latin words are masculine, feminine, or neuter.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Unlike English, the gender of a Latin word is necessary to apply the various grammatical rules. In Latin, <a href="http://www.brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/5718.aspx" target="_self">parts of speech</a> with gender include nouns, pronouns, and adjectives which may be masculine, feminine, or neuter. While the gender of some of these parts of speech is obvious, others are not. This fact has two effects. First, it gives native-English speakers a difficult time because they are not used to thinking of inanimate objects as having a gender. Second, failure to memorize the gender of words from the beginning proves disastrous later in <a href="http://www.brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/57489.aspx" target="_self">intermediate and advanced Latin courses</a> of study.</span><span style="font-size: small; "><br /><br /></span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/20962.aspx">Read more:</a> </span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-36769731430358668352010-10-17T21:12:00.000-07:002010-10-17T21:18:36.856-07:00Is this the reason for grammatical gender?<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><h2 id="post-103" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.4em; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; "><a href="http://purgge.wordpress.com/2010/10/15/what-can-come-next/">What (can) come next?</a></h2><small style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); ">15/October/2010</small><div class="entry" style="line-height: 1.4em; "><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">But the thought that occured to me was that complex and seemingly unnecessary features like <b>grammatical gender can serve to reduce noise in oral communications</b>. </span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Languages that mark grammatical gender in articles, like Dutch or French, sharply reduce the number of words that can follow them given their context, while the amount of information that has to be stored in the lexicon to make this gain in noise reduction is very small. In French with just two genders, it’s just one bit of information per noun. </span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">I suspect that by losing grammatical gender, Haitian Creole has had to create other distinctions to compensate. The thing is, given a reasonable corpus, this hypothesis should be empirically confirmable.</span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><a href="http://purgge.wordpress.com/2010/10/15/what-can-come-next/">Read more</a></span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" >PURGGE People United for the Reduction of Grammatical Gender Everywhere</span></p></div></span>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1144651939659746554.post-35963387391727999982010-10-17T20:15:00.000-07:002010-10-17T20:17:54.411-07:00Reading derivationally affixed french words<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; "><h3 style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 2px; color: rgb(0, 78, 159); margin-top: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; "><h1 style="font-size: 18px; "> </h1><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 3px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><b>Authors:</b> V. M. Holmes<sup>a</sup>; J. K. O'regan<sup>b</sup></div></span></h3><h3 style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 2px; color: rgb(0, 78, 159); margin-top: 0px; "><br /></h3><h3 style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 2px; color: rgb(0, 78, 159); margin-top: 0px; ">Abstract</h3><div class="abstract" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: left; max-width: 50em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" >The recognition of multimorphemic French words was investigated using a procedure that allowed the position of first fixation of the eye to be manipulated and gaze durations to be recorded. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that prefixed and suffixed words were recognised most rapidly when the eye started at points at which the words' stem could be seen distinctly. In Experiment 2, gaze durations for prefixed words equated for surface frequency were longer for words with low-frequency rather than high-frequency stems. The findings support the idea that complex words are accessed in terms of their stem, and that the order in which affixes are listed in an entry is determined by the surface frequency of the entire word formed by the stem plus affix. Alternative accounts of the findings were considered.</span></span></div><div class="abstract" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: left; max-width: 50em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><a href="http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a788471345~frm=abslink">Psychology Press</a></span></span></div></span>Ginette Chamarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04065526193527718037noreply@blogger.com0